500M smallholders with zero government extension support. Extension agent ratio: 1 per 2,000+ farmers (vs WHO-recommended 1:500). Result: 30-50% yield reduction, subsistence farming traps 300M in poverty. Agricultural ministry budgets collapsed: 1-2% of ag budgets vs needed 15%.
Root Causes
strong
Post-structural adjustment: government extension services dismantled
strong
Agricultural ministry budgets collapsed to <1-2% of GDP
moderate
Private extension relies on expensive input purchases (seeds, fertilizer)
Scope
Discussion
Discussion (1)
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The root cause framing here is sharp. The structural constraint layer (institutions + incentives) is often underweighted relative to technical solutions — this challenge captures that gap well.